reattested

Concepts

The vocabulary of attested products, in plain words.

Reattestable

Able to be attested again: to prove its identity or integrity anew after a reset, an expiry or a change.

Remote attestation

A way for a machine to prove to a remote party what hardware and software it is running, using evidence signed by a hardware root of trust.

Re-attestation

Proving trust again after an event that made the previous proof stale: an update, a reboot, a lost state, an expired credential or a revocation.

Continuous attestation

Repeating attestation on a schedule during normal operation, so that drift, tampering or compromise is caught while the system runs.

Re-attestation vs continuous attestation

Re-attestation restores trust after an event. Continuous attestation keeps checking during normal operation. Most products need both.

Trust on first use (TOFU)

A model where a system is trusted the first time it appears, and that first trust is remembered instead of proved again.

Attestation freshness

How recent the evidence is, and how a verifier knows it was not replayed.

IETF RATS architecture

The IETF Remote ATtestation procedureS architecture (RFC 9334): the shared vocabulary of attesters, verifiers, relying parties, evidence and reference values.

EAT and CoRIM

IETF formats for attestation claims (Entity Attestation Token) and for reference values and endorsements (Concise Reference Integrity Manifest).

Trusted execution environment (TEE)

Hardware-isolated execution that protects code and data in use, and can prove what it runs through attestation.

Confidential AI

Running AI training or inference inside TEEs, so prompts, data and model weights stay protected in use, and clients can verify the service by attestation.

GPU attestation

Proof that a GPU is genuine, runs approved firmware and is in confidential computing mode, before it receives data.

Attested TLS

Tying attestation to a TLS connection, so the client knows that the machine it verified is the machine on the other end.

Workload identity (SPIFFE/SPIRE)

Short-lived, automatically issued identities for software workloads, based on attested properties instead of shared secrets.

Measured boot

Recording a hash of each boot component into a hardware register, so the boot chain can be reported and verified later.

TPM

The Trusted Platform Module: a standard hardware root of trust that stores keys and boot measurements and signs quotes for attestation.

DICE

Device Identifier Composition Engine: a Trusted Computing Group standard that gives small devices an identity derived from their firmware.

Runtime integrity

Checking that a system stays in its approved state the whole time it runs.

Software supply chain attestation

Signed statements about how software was built (provenance), used to decide what a verifier should accept at runtime.

Continuous compliance

Evaluating systems against compliance rules all the time, with automated evidence, instead of preparing once a year for an audit.

Wallet Unit Attestation (WUA)

In the EU Digital Identity Wallet, the wallet provider's signed statement that a wallet unit is genuine and that its keys are held in suitable secure hardware.

Two meanings of attestation in eIDAS 2.0

In eIDAS 2.0, an 'electronic attestation of attributes' is a credential about a person. A wallet or key attestation is evidence about a device. They are different things.

IEC 62443

The international standard series for the security of industrial automation and control systems, used in tenders for robots, machines and industrial devices.

TCB recovery

The process after a flaw in a trusted execution environment: the vendor ships a fix, raises the security version, and verifiers stop accepting evidence from unpatched platforms.

AI passport

A set of signed, checkable statements about an AI model or agent: its origin, lineage, build, runtime, configuration, principal and validity.

Attestable computing

Computing whose hardware and software state can be proved to a remote party with evidence rooted in hardware. It promises integrity, not secrecy.

Agent sandbox

An isolated machine, often a microVM, started for one AI agent so it can run code, browse and keep files without touching anything else.

RXSWIN

The software identification number of UN Regulation 156: an identifier, defined by the vehicle manufacturer, for the software relevant to a type approval.

Quote, report, token: names for evidence

Each platform has its own word for attestation evidence. A report is often local, a quote is signed for remote use, and a token usually carries a verifier's result.

Local attestation

One protected environment proving itself to another on the same machine, without any outside service.

Binary and property-based attestation

Binary attestation reports exact hashes of software. Property-based attestation reports what the software is certified to do.

Attestation across vendors

Making systems on different hardware, such as Intel, AMD, Arm and NVIDIA, verify each other.

Enclave, trust domain, realm: one idea, many names

Every vendor has its own word for an isolated environment that can be attested. Some protect part of a program, some a whole virtual machine.

Library operating systems for enclaves

A layer that lets an ordinary application run inside an enclave without being rewritten.

Provisioning and onboarding

How a device gets its first identity at the factory and is handed to its owner in the field.

Self-sovereign identity (SSI)

A model in which people, organisations and devices hold their own identifiers and credentials, and present them without asking the issuer each time.

Why small devices struggle to be trusted

Secure boot, a hardware key and a certificate sound basic. On a low-cost device, made in someone else's factory and installed in the field, each one is hard.

Attestation in the product life cycle

Where attestation belongs in each stage of a secure development life cycle, from design to retirement.

Non-repudiation

The property that someone who signed or sent something cannot later credibly deny it.

Anonymous attestation: DAA, EPID and group signatures

Ways for a device to prove it is genuine without revealing which device it is.

Attested authorship

Evidence that a piece of work was produced by a person with a particular tool, recorded while it was made.